Cite Your Sources: References

Format

Two to Twenty Authors: List by last names and initials. Separate author names with a comma. Use "&" instead of "and" before the last author name.

Additional Authors: After the first 19 authors’ names, use an ellipsis in place of the remaining author names. Then, end with the final author's name (do not place "&" before it). There should be no more than twenty names in the citation in total.

Examples

Bloom, M. B., Salim, A., & Malinoski, D. J. (2015). Critical care of the organ donor. In E. A. Pretto Jr., G. Biancofiore, A. DeWolf, J. R. Klinck, C. Niemann, A. Watts, & P. D. Slinger (Eds.), Oxford textbook of transplant anaesthesia and critical care (pp. 69-75). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199651429.003.0008

Gecker, J., & Lovan, D. (2022, August 17). Youth mental health is in crisis. Are schools doing enough? AP News. https://apnews.com/article/mental-health-crisis-schools-768fed6a4e71d694ec0694c627d8fdca

Pegion, K., Kirtman, B. P., Becker, E., Collins, D. C., LaJoie, E., Burgman, R., Bell, R., DelSole, R., Min, D., Zhu, Y., Li, W., Sinsky, E., Guan, H., Gottschalck, J., Metzger, E. J., Barton, N. P., Achuthavarier, D., Marshak, J., Koster, R., . . .  Kim, H. (2019). The subseasonal experiment (SubX): A multimodel subseasonal prediction experiment. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 100(10), 2043-2061. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0270.1

Format

One Author: Use the author's name for all entries, and arrange the entries chronologically by year. List references with no date (n.d.) before references with dates.

Multiple Authors: When an author appears both as a sole author and, in another citation, as the first author of a group, list the one-author entries first. References that have the same first author and different second and/or third authors are arranged alphabetically by the last name of the second author or by the last name of the third if the first and second authors are the same.

Same Year: If using more than one source by the same author or group of authors listed in the same order, check for more specific dates and arrange chronologically. If no specific dates are provided, assign a lowercase letter suffix (a, b, c, d, etc.) to the year in Reference List entries and in-text citations, and arrange alphabetically by title of the article, chapter, etc.

Examples

Agnew, C. R. (Ed.). (2014). Social influences on romantic relationships: Beyond the dyad. Cambridge University Press.

Agnew, C. R., & South, S. C. (Eds.). (2014). Interpersonal relationships and health: Social and clinical psychological mechanisms. Oxford University Press.

Arriaga, X. B., Capezza, N. M., Reed, J. T., Wesselman, E. D., & Williams, K. D. (2014). With partners like you, who needs strangers?: Ostracism involving a romantic partner. Personal Relationships, 21(4), 557-569.

Arriaga, X. B., Kumashiro, M., Finkel, E. J., VanderDrift, L. E., & Luchies, L. B. (2014). Filling the void: Bolstering attachment security in committed relationships. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5(4), 398-405.

Raycraft, J. (2018). Dilemmas of Representation in Contemporary Environmental Anthropology: Documenting Dynamite Fishing in Southeastern Tanzania. Ethnobiology Letters, 9(2), 289-298. https://doi.org/10.14237/ebl.9.2.2018.1115

Raycraft, J. (2020a). Seeing from Below: Scuba Diving and the Regressive Cyborg. Anthropology & Humanism, 45(2), 301-321. https://doi.org./10.1111/anhu.12306

Raycraft, J. (2020b). The (un)making of marine park subjects: Environmentality and everyday resistance in a coastal Tanzanian village. World Development, 126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104696

Format

Group authors can include corporations, government agencies, organizations, etc. In this case, simply treat the publishing group the same way you'd treat the author's name and format the rest of the citation as normal. Be sure to give the full name of the group author in your reference list, although abbreviations may be used in your text (refer to the In-Text Citations page > Group Author tab in this guide).

Entries in reference works (e.g., dictionaries, thesauruses, and encyclopedias) without credited authors are also considered works with group authors.

When a source has multiple layers of group authorship (e.g., The Office of the Historian, which is part of the Department of State, publishes something), list the most specific agency as the author and the parent agency as the publisher.

Examples

American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. (2019, November 21). Justice served: Case closed for over 40 dogfighting victims. https://www.aspca.org/news/justice-served-case-closed-over-40-dogfighting-victims

Bureau of International Organization Affairs. (2018). U.S. contributions to international organizations, 2017 [Annual report]. U.S. Department of State. https://www.state.gov/u-s-contributions-to-international-organizations

Merriam-Webster. (2008). Braggadocio. In Merriam-Webster’s Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary. Merriam-Webster.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. (2022, August 26). James Webb Space Telescope. https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/webb/main/index.html

Format

When an author is not named, move the title of the source to the beginning of the reference entry and follow with the date of publication. Only use “Anonymous” if the author is specifically identified as “Anonymous.”

Examples

Anonymous. (2018). Letter from a Young Muslim. Survival, 60(4), 207-212. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2018.1495449

On the march. (2017). Nature, 554, 137. https://www.nature.com/articles/544137a.pdf

Format

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year, Month). Title of article. Title of Magazine, volume number(issue number), pages.

Example

Lucas, R. (2022). 3D printing a new nuclear future. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 101(7), 48–51.

Format

Print Version:

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year, Month Date). Title of article. Title of Newspaper, pages.

Online Version:

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year, Month Date). Title of article. Title of Newspaper. URL

• Only use for articles with an associated newspaper. Otherwise, see News Website tab on Webpages page.

Examples

Print Version:

Alvarez, L. (2014, November 10). States listen as parents give rampant testing an F. New York Times, A16.

Online Version:

Alvarez, L. (2014, November 10). States listen as parents give rampant testing an F. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/10/us/states-listen-as-parents-give-rampant-testing-an-f.html

Format

Blogger, A. A., Blogger, B. B., & Blogger, C. C. (Year, Month Date). Title of post. Publisher. URL

Example

McBride, C. (2022, September 23). 100 years ago men and boys fought on the streets of New York over wearing straw hats past summer. New York Public Library. https://www.nypl.org/blog/2022/09/23/straw-hat-riots-nyc

Format

Visual Work in a Museum or on a Museum Website:

Creator, C. C. (Date of publication). Title of visual work [Visual work type]. Name of Museum, City, State, Country. DOI or URL if available

Visual Work Not Associated with a Museum:

Creator, C. C. (Date of publication). Title of visual work [Visual work type]. Source. DOI or URL if available

Types of Visual Works

Clip art, Infographic, Lithograph, Map, Painting, Photograph, PowerPoint slides, Stock image, etc.

Examples

Visual Work in a Museum or on a Museum Website:

Hokusai, K. (1847). Thunder god [Painting]. Smithsonian's National Museum of Asian Art, Washington, D.C., United States. https://asia.si.edu/object/F1900.47/

Visual Work Not Associated with a Museum:

Gunn, C. (2021, September 25). The James Webb Space Telescope en route [Photograph]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/nasawebbtelescope/51589376523/in/album-72157720000770033/

Format

Film:

Director, D. D. (Director). (Year of release). Title of motion picture [Film]. Production company.

TV Series:

Executive Producer, P. P. (Executive Producer). (Date range of release). Title of series [TV series]. Production company(s).

TV Episode:

Writer, W. W. (Writer), & Director, D. D. (Director). (Original air date). Title of episode (Season number, Episode number) [TV series episode]. In P. Executive Producer (Executive Producer), Series title. Production company(s).

Online Video:

Person or group who uploaded video. (Date of publication). Title of video [Video]. Website host. URL 

Examples

Film:

Sanders, C., & DeBlois, D. (Directors). (2010). How to train your dragon [Film]. DreamWorks Animation.

TV Series:

Crane, D., Kauffman, M., & Bright, K. S. (Executive Producers). (1994–2004). Friends [TV series]. Bright/Kauffman/Crane Productions; Warner Bros. Television.

TV Episode:

Condon, J., & Toomin, A. (Writers), & Bright, K. S. (Director). (1998, January 15). The one with the embryos (Season 4, Episode 12) [TV series episode]. In D. Crane, M. Kauffman & K. S. Bright (Executive Producers), Friends. Bright/Kauffman/Crane Productions; Warner Bros. Television.

Online Video:

Maizen. (2022, September 3). Escape or get eaten as pigs in Minecraft [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IC-pFk4bEGk

Format

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book (N. Narrator, Narr.) [Audiobook]. Publisher. DOI or URL if available

Example

Cain, S. (2012). Quiet: The power of introverts in a world that can't stop talking (K. Mazur, Narr.) [Audiobook]. Random House Audio. https://www.audible.com/pd/Quiet-Audiobook/B006TIKUN4

Format

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In E. E. Editor & F. F. Editor (Eds.), Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (pp. page range of chapter). Publisher. DOI or URL if available

Example

Armstrong, D. (2019). Malory and character. In M. G. Leitch & C. J. Rushton (Eds.), A new companion to Malory (pp. 144-163). D. S. Brewer.

Format

Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (# edition). Publisher. DOI or URL if available

Example

Belcher, W. (2019). Writing your journal article in twelve weeks: A guide to academic publishing success (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press.

Format

Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (Vol. #). Publisher. DOI or URL if available

• If the volume has an editor instead of an author, use the editor's name in place of the author's name followed by "Ed." or "Eds." in parentheses (as in the Travis & White example below)
• If the volume does not have its own title, include the volume number in parenthesis without italics (as in the Fiske et al. example below)
• If the volume has its own title, include the volume number and title after the main title in italics (as in the Travis & White example below)

Examples

Fiske, S. T., Gilbert, D. T., & Lindzey, G. (2010). Handbook of social psychology (5th ed., Vol. 1). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470561119

Travis, C. B., & White, J. W. (Eds.). (2018). APA handbook of the psychology of women: Vol. 1. History, theory, and battlegrounds. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000059-000

Format

Basic Format:

Organization name. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site name if different from organization name. URL

With Retrieval Date:

Organization name. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site name if different from organization name. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL

• Include retrieval date when page content is likely to change over time.

Examples

Basic Format:

Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. (2022, October 5). Sound reveals giant blue whales dance with the wind to find food. Phys Org. https://phys.org/news/2022-10-reveals-giant-blue-whales-food.html

With Retrieval Date:

National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. (2022, September 14). Possible side effects after getting a COVID-19 vaccine. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved October 5, 2022 from https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/expect/after.html

Format

Basic Format:

Title of page. (Year, Month Date). Site name. URL

With Retrieval Date:

Title of page. (Year, Month Date). Site name. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL

• Include retrieval date when page content is likely to change over time.

Examples

Basic Format:

Everything you need to know about daily Jeopardy! box scores. (2022, February 4). Jeopardy. https://www.jeopardy.com/jbuzz/news-events/everything-you-need-know-about-daily-jeopardy-box-scores

With Retrieval Date:

October temperature outlook is warmer than average for much of US. (2022, October 4). Weather Underground. Retrieved October 5, 2022, from https://www.wunderground.com/article/forecast/national/news/2022-10-04-october-temperature-outlook-forecast-united-states

Format

Basic Format:

Author or Organization name. (n.d.). Title of page. Site name if different than organization name. URL

With Retrieval Date:

Author or Organization name. (n.d.). Title of page. Site name if different than organization name. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL

• Include retrieval date when page content is likely to change over time.

Examples

Basic Format:

National Alliance on Mental Illness. (n.d.). Mental health conditions. https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-Health-Conditions

With Retrieval Date:

Digital Higher Education Consortium of Texas. (n.d.). Open educational resources. DigiTex. Retrieved October 5, 2022, from https://digitex.org/open-educational-resources-2/

Format

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Date). Title of article. Name of publishing website. URL

• Only use if news website does not have an associated newspaper. Otherwise, see Newspaper Article tab on Articles page.

Example

Lukov, Y. (2022, October 5). Ukraine war: Russia warns US of direct military clash risk. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63140098